International Monetary Fund ( Imf ) And World Bank

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are both international financial institutes that where formed in July 1944 by the United Nation in Bretton Woods, United States. They are sometimes referred to as The Bretton Woods Institutes. They are both landers of last resort and they both offer loans and help countries design policy programs to solve balance of payments problems when sufficient finance cannot be obtained by the country. IMF offers short and medium term loans whilst World Bank offers long term loans. The World Bank, as an institute that offers loans and help countries design policy that will improve human wellbeing, offered to help Zimbabwe improve its economy and balance of payments in 1992. The program was referred to as Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) and it was a policy designed by the World Bank itself. After independence, the government of Zimbabwe invested heavily on education and health sectors through parastatals, in rural areas development and the productive sectors. This led to an increased public sector which made up of forty-five percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). The government of Zimbabwe accepted the policy and the World Bank issued US$125 million as Structural Adjustment Loan and another US$50 million as Structural Adjustment credit. The program was suppose to run for five years and the goals where to reduce government spending s, promote high growth and to reduce poverty and unemployment. This was going to beShow MoreRelatedInternational Monetary Fund : The Imf And The World Bank1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Monetary Fund, otherwise known as the IMF and the World Bank are two of the most economic organizations. While they are both economic organizations, they have different objectives. In order to understand these objectives, one must know why these organizations were formed and what if anything they have accomplished. Based on said accomplishments and also based on their initial goals, one can infer which of the two has been a success. Therefore, it can be said that when it comes toRead MoreInternational Monetary Fund ( Imf ) And The World Bank948 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank†. The HIPC Initiative was initiated by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1996. In 2001 Ghana declared itself as heavily indebted poor country, according to the then president John Agyekum Kuffour, the decision of Ghana to be part of this initiative was mainly because of the poor state of the economy. As a result of this the nation was expected to receive a total of 253 million dollars of IMF and the World Bank to helpRead MoreInternational Monetary Fund ( Imf ), World Trade Organization ( Wto ) And World Bank934 Words   |  4 Pages and Israel are members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Bank. These organizations in their own right are trying to improve the economy by facilitating internationals trading (IMF) , reducing poverty around the world (IMF), ensuring that trading flows smoothly and freely (WTO) and providing financial advice to assist in economic advancement (World Bank). Countries that are members of the IMF, WTO and World Bank, in my opinion believe that workingRead MoreThe Impact Of Global Financial Institutions Such As The World Bank And International Monetary Fund ( Imf )2179 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay aims to explore and critically analyze the impac t of the global financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). There was a discussion on reasons for the establishment of the institutions. An examination using various illustrations of the conditions these institutions impose on borrowing countries. Developing countries in the sub-Sahara Africa and, in particular, Senegal will be used to explore dealing with above institutions and their outcomes. ItRead MoreThe International Monetary Fund And World Bank Group1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have had enormous impact upon the world’s economies since their inception, after World War II. Although each of these organizations has a similar history, their role, objectives and funding are unique. These Washington DC-based organizations have drawn more than their share fair share of criticism as well as praise. Modern nations require thoroughly understand of these organizations. TheRead MoreInternational Monetary Fund And The World Bank1679 Words   |  7 PagesTHE WORLD BANK AND IMF - HIPC International Monetary Fund and The World Bank, though has a good purpose of their existence, they have come under lots of criticisms as to how they use the leverage of being in a position of helping poor countries to either recover from economic collapse or give them debt relief and economic boost from loans they give out to them to impose policies and condition that those poor countries has to implement. These loan conditions and policies structured by these internationalRead MoreThe Imf, Wto, And World Bank1053 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast the IMF, WTO, and World Bank The World Bank was founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The bank was first known as the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Their founding mission was to help countries during a post-war World War II era rebuild and reconstruct. They did this by providing loans to countries who had been destroyed during wars. Their first loan was made in 1947 to France to rebuild following World War II (World Bank Group). The World Banks’s missionRead MoreMonetary Fund And The World Bank1554 Words   |  7 Pagesnternational Monetary Fund and The World Bank, though has a good purpose of their existence, they have come under lots of criticisms as to how they use the leverage of being in a position of helping poor countries to either recover from economic collapse or give them debt relief and economic boost from loans they give out to them to impose policies and condition that those poor countries has to implement. These loan conditions and policies structured by these international financial power institutionsRead MoreInternational Monetary Fund And The World Bank1561 Words   |  7 PagesTHE WORLD BANK AND IMF - HIPC International Monetary Fund and The World Bank, though has a good purpose of their existence, they have come under lots of criticisms as to how they use the leverage of being in a position of helping poor countries to either recover from economic collapse or give them debt relief and economic boost from loans they give out to them to impose policies and condition that those poor countries has to implement. These loan conditions and policies structured by these internationalRead More Role of IMF and World Bank Essay example1433 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction The world’s major international financial institutions represent paradoxical ideals in their quest to satisfy the needs of both developed and developing nations. These institutions are chartered with helping poor nations but are criticized for their neo-colonial policies. Member nations are all considered equal, but contributions make some more equal than others. Mostly, these organizations are managed by rich nations that usurp the autonomy of developing nations in the pursuit

Life today is better Free Essays

Modern life is very different from life 50 years ago. Some people think the changes were positive changes while some people thinks the changes were negative changes. It Is true; life 50 years ago is simpler than life now. We will write a custom essay sample on Life today is better or any similar topic only for you Order Now 50 years ago, the pace of life is slower and family could spend their time together longer. They could attend family occasions like wedding and Did. Besides, 50 years ago, the living cost Is lower than now. They Just spend a few ringlets per day to buy groceries and consumer Items or they can Just grow vegetables or raise animals Like chicken, cow or goat as their food sources. Notwithstanding, I think life today Is much better than It was 50 years ago. Life today has a higher technology. First of all, technology brings about a great many convenience and amenity. When we need to contact people, we use cellophanes to call them, we can fax them, we can send an e-mail to them or we can make a video call with them. Nowadays, we have Internet that direct us to Backbone, Twitter, Keep and other application that can be used to connect with people. Besides, we can search for worldwide information in the internet. When we want to abroad a flight, all we need o do is just call the flight ticket agency and buy the tickets online. Using smoothness, everything is much easier as everything is Just on your fingertips. Hence, we can say that with the advancement of technology, life today is better than years ago. Other than connecting with people, internet has thousands of uses. We even can make money using the internet as an example Madam. Com that helps people to sell and buy items in the internet in Malaysia. Next, we have e-Bay which is a site that can be used to pay bills and stuffs. Then, communication is also one of the factors to prove that life today is better than it was. As what we can remember, 50 years ago people didn’t have the modern vehicle to move from one place to another place. If before, people usually walk, or uses bull carts or sampan to move but now, we have variety of cars, airplane, train, buses and lorry to get us to our destination. More advances, we also have ALERT, Commuter and MR. as our public transport to send us to our destination faster and more convenience. This proved that life today is better than it was years ago. Next, human rights today is been uphold more than 50 years ago. Now, women can do what they want to do. They can have the career that alt with their passion and interest. They can go out and socialize with their friends. If we look 50 years ago, women is Just a wife that act as person who do the house chores and the one who got to take care of their children and husband and. They even can’t go out easily without the permission of their husband. Women 50 years ago usually were forbidden to continue their studies or work In the Job of their Interest. However, nowadays we can see women as the top people In the world In many fields. Equally Important Is the children’s right. Children’s rights are to get loves from their parents. They also have the rights to go to school and study. However, children’s 50 years ago works as a slave. Their rights’ on their education was not been concerned. As have been said, the human rights’ today is much better than 50 years ago. As conclusion, life today is better than it was 50 years ago. Nowadays, people live with high technology that eases their daily works. Nowadays, we have modern that help us to connect with people. Today, human rights’ had been upheld. There are no more women or children that had been treated the way that suppress or oppress them. In other word, life today is totally mush better than it was 50 years ago. How to cite Life today is better, Essays

Corporate Social Responsibilities & Ethics-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identify and briefly describe two major ethical issues from the article titled Enron Ethic. 2.Do you think that Kelloggs CSR statement is sincere, or is the company merely trying to convince stakeholders that it is a socially responsible company? 3.Fair trade can sometimes be grounded in the assumption that it helps to address slave labour and give fair returns to farmers. What other perspectives on fair trade could be considered? Do corporations have a responsibility to the global community? Answers: 1.The two major ethical issues faced by Enron were allowing the employees to be aggressive instead of being tactical and the second ethical issue caused at Enron was its false projection of its subsidiaries as its partnerships. The management of Enron led by CEO Jeffrey Skilling encouraged the employees to be aggressive and push limits of ethics. The employees started executing their business operations in unethical methods and the senior managers did not take any step against them. The apex management distorted the financial statements and misrepresented the transactions(Sims and Brinkmann 2003). Enron in order to accumulate huge wealth entered into pseudo-partnerships and started earning revenue by selling its assets and recycling it back into the capital to project misleading figures before the shareholders. The company acquired revenue from the subsidiaries to earn unethical revenue. Enron made its subsidiaries ships look like partnerships to dupe the Securities exchange commission. The company got its pseudo-partnership companies financed by bits own subsidiaries which were in reality illegal as per laws set by the Securities Exchange Commission(Simpson and Brody 2013). The discussion presents two ethical issues and they can be considered major becaue they breach stakeholders like the Securities Excahnage Commisions(SEC) trust and the shareholders interest.. The first ethical issues was following an aggressive business approach by the employees and no ethical actions taken by the apex management. The second ethical issue was forming false partnership which were in reality subsidiaries. The employees in case of the first issue distorted financial reporting and showed inflated revenue which breached the interest and trust of the shareholders(Securities and Exchange Commission 2017). The projection of false partnerships caused breach in the laws of partnership formed by SEC. Thus it can be inferred that Enron by its fraudulent and unethical business operations breached stakeholders interests and created major ethical issues. 2.Kellogs Company is merely trying to convince the stakeholders that it is a socially responsible company. Kellogs in a multinational break cereal company which is headquartered in the United States of America. The company operates in the international market and faces stiff competition from international competitors like Nestle and also from local competitors. The multinational companies often use their corporate social responsibilities to create a healthy image in the market, attract customers and partnerships and earn higher profits(Kelloggcompany.com. 2017). The discovery of high sugar content and low protein content in its food products which harm the health of the consumers clearly shows that Kellogs in reality is not socially responsible and uses its CSR to convince stakeholders about its responsible image. An assessment of the CSR statement of Kellogs against the Kantian theory shows that the company does not follow the theory. The corporate social responsibility statement of kellogs shows that the company aims to benefit its consumers by providing healthy food products. The Kantian theory states that the companys must produce products which would benefit all the users and they should not the consumers to sell their products and earn profits. An evaluation of the Kantain theory shows that Kellogs merely sells food products which are not healthy and merely appears to be healthy. Hence, it can be inferred that Kellogs breaches the Kantian theory and offers unhealthy products to earn profits(News.bbc.co.uk 2017). 3.It is assumed that Fair Trade can help the farmers get legitimate returns for their produce and deal with slavery, however fair trade can also be viewed as means to achieve sustainable economic development of the producers of raw materials. Fair Trade is a movement which promotes that the agriculturists who provide the multinational companies with their raw materials like milk, corn and cereals should get legitimate and guaranteed returns for their produce. This guaranteed return will help the agriculturists to acquire resources like high quality seeds to maximise their produce. This will help the farmers to sell the produce and earn good revenue which will contribute towards their social and overall development. Thus, Fair Trade can promote sustainable development of the producers and elevate their social conditions(Fairtrade.net 2017). Corporations are responsible to the global community because they gain all the resources from the producers who are a part of the society. They owe their financial strength to the shareholders who invest in their shares. They sell their goods to the consumers in order to generate profits and competitive advantage in the market. The companies acquire human resources who form business strategies and execute them. It can be pointed out that shareholders, consumers and employees are components of the global community. Thus, it can be inferred from the discussion that the corporations are dependent on the global community for production of goods, generation of revenue and their very sustenance. Hence, they are having responsibilities towards the global community(Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim 2014). References: Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Fairtrade.net. 2017. Fairtrade International (FLO): Child and Forced Labour. [online] Available at: https://www.fairtrade.net/programmes/child-labour.html [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Kelloggcompany.com. 2017. Kellogg Company | Corporate Responsibility Report. [online] Available at: https://www.kelloggcompany.com/en_US/corporate-responsibility.html [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. News.bbc.co.uk. 2017. BBC News | HEALTH | Cereal bars 'unhealthy'. [online] Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1613141.stm [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2017. Registration of Partnership - Securities and Exchange Commission. [online] Available at: https://www.sec.gov.ph/services-2/company-2/registration/primary-registration/partnership/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Simpson, S.V. and Brody, K., 2013. The Evolving Role of Special Committees in MA Transactions: Seeking Business Judgment Rule Protection in the Context of Controlling Shareholder Transactions and Other Corporate Transactions Involving Conflicts of Interest.Bus. Law.,69, p.1117. Sims, R.R. and Brinkmann, J., 2003. Enron ethics (or: culture matters more than codes).Journal of Business ethics,45(3), pp.243-256.

The Definition of Beauty free essay sample

Beauty is when a mother holds her newly born child for the first time and pictures their life full of success and happiness. That child will soon grow to experience their own forms of beauty through life; at the tender age of six years old they will be emerged into a system of creating a beautiful mind through learning not only words and numbers, but social skills and how to treat others. Beauty is against all odds marrying your high school sweetheart, and is shown through symbolic occurrences; looking deeply into a spouses eyes as one recites meaningful vows to the other on their wedding day is beautiful.Achieving goals and aspirations vigorously chased, after years of hard work Is beauty. Even growing old, as reluctant as many may be to age Is beautiful. Wrinkles do not show flaws; wrinkles show experiences through a long and eventful adventure of life. Death has beauty as well. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of Beauty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The beauty In death Is not shown through the deceased but through the living; as tears are shed stories of beautiful life are remembered and relived and never forgotten. Beauty is not searing hot plates of metal slowly diminishing the quality of desperate womans hair as she strives to reach todays beauty standards. Beauty is not a size two even though it is constantly sought after by already beautiful beings; malnourished and hollow men and women walk this earth setting such standards go through life threatening processes to achieve this beautiful figure. But that is not beauty. Nor is hours of life wasted, sitting in front of a mirror, carefully applying foundation to cover blemishes, eyeliner to achieve the desired shape and lipstick to give a subtle sexiness to appeal the eye.Beauty Is not weeks of pain after a costly surgery to fix what was naturally given; plastic cannot be substitute to something so naturally beautiful as a body gifted by parents. Beauty Is not defined by the cost of the Lou Button shoes that a frighteningly skinny runway model showcases as she struts down the catwalk. Beauty, not easily defined is a loving spirit that ends with a fulfilled life. Starting from the miracle of birth to the inevitable death beauty flows freely. Beauty is not achieved simply by aesthetics, but by caring hearts and truly intent beings.When beauty is found without designer shoes and make-up rituals is when one finally understands the definition of true beauty. The Definition of Beauty By deemed size two. The birth of a child and the life they yet to live is beauty. Caking on chemical filled appearance enhancers, or sporting this years new fashion line is not what defines beauty. Beauty is experience, and is shown through the miracles that occur through human life; beauty is not limited to designer shoes and runway models as aspirations vigorously chased, after years of hard work is beauty.Even growing old, as reluctant as many may be to age is beautiful. Wrinkles do not show flaws; wrinkles well. The beauty in death is not shown through the deceased but through the living; through life threatening processes to achieve this beautiful figure. But that is not give a subtle sexiness to appeal the eye.

Free Essays on Miller Marketing

Advertising Techniques of American Breweries: A Look at Miller Inc. Rolling Stone magazine is one of the most recognizable and ad promoting magazines in the United States. Beer companies have placed many advertisements in this magazine, especially the Miller Brewing Company. One Miller ad in particular seemed to protrude with a sixties like rock and roll attitude. This ad, in general, directed its main focus towards the Miller Brewing Company. Along with the advertisements groovy sixties style, it also blended a rock type atmosphere with the intentions of selling its product, Miller Beer. Reading through a magazine like Rolling Stone, it can be quite easy to catch oneself falling into the trap of reading a well thought out ad like this one. When first glancing at the ad, there is an unmistakable format of sixties style text at the top of the page which reads, â€Å"Rock without ROOTS, that’s like beer without taste.† The main focus of interest of the ad is immediately given away with this one simple sentence at the beginning of the page. While glancing down the ad, there were many noticeable rock artists. The artists included were Lenny Kravitz, Bo Diddley, Slash, James Brown, Doors of the 21st Century and Cheap Trick. Each picture of the artists had a sixties style border, with the same look as the font of the beginning text of the ad. Located at the bottom of the ad is the text â€Å"From the pages of Rolling Stone to New York’s Roseland Ballroom, Miller salutes a summer of legendary artists and the 50th Anniversary of rock.† This statement is saying that Miller Inc. is officially saluting Rock and Roll’s 50th Anniversary and its Legendary Artists of 2004. The ad also includes one of Millers slogans at the bottom left of the page which simply says, â€Å"Live Responsibly†. The other slogan, at the bottom right, features a bottle of Miller Lite and Miller Genuine Draft with the slogan â€Å"MILLER, Good... Free Essays on Miller Marketing Free Essays on Miller Marketing Advertising Techniques of American Breweries: A Look at Miller Inc. Rolling Stone magazine is one of the most recognizable and ad promoting magazines in the United States. Beer companies have placed many advertisements in this magazine, especially the Miller Brewing Company. One Miller ad in particular seemed to protrude with a sixties like rock and roll attitude. This ad, in general, directed its main focus towards the Miller Brewing Company. Along with the advertisements groovy sixties style, it also blended a rock type atmosphere with the intentions of selling its product, Miller Beer. Reading through a magazine like Rolling Stone, it can be quite easy to catch oneself falling into the trap of reading a well thought out ad like this one. When first glancing at the ad, there is an unmistakable format of sixties style text at the top of the page which reads, â€Å"Rock without ROOTS, that’s like beer without taste.† The main focus of interest of the ad is immediately given away with this one simple sentence at the beginning of the page. While glancing down the ad, there were many noticeable rock artists. The artists included were Lenny Kravitz, Bo Diddley, Slash, James Brown, Doors of the 21st Century and Cheap Trick. Each picture of the artists had a sixties style border, with the same look as the font of the beginning text of the ad. Located at the bottom of the ad is the text â€Å"From the pages of Rolling Stone to New York’s Roseland Ballroom, Miller salutes a summer of legendary artists and the 50th Anniversary of rock.† This statement is saying that Miller Inc. is officially saluting Rock and Roll’s 50th Anniversary and its Legendary Artists of 2004. The ad also includes one of Millers slogans at the bottom left of the page which simply says, â€Å"Live Responsibly†. The other slogan, at the bottom right, features a bottle of Miller Lite and Miller Genuine Draft with the slogan â€Å"MILLER, Good...

Using the French Expression Grâce àCorrectly

Using the French Expression Grà ¢ce Correctly The French expression grà ¢ce (pronounced grah sa) is a common phrase that people use to give credit to someone or something for a positive event or outcome. It is the rough equivalent in English of the phrase thanks to. Examples Like most French grammar youll use, grà ¢ce   is spoken in the normal  register, meaning its used in everyday conversation, neither formal nor informal in tone. You may find yourself saying in any number of situations, such as these:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce mon mari, jai une idà ©e pour un livre.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to my husband, I have an idea for a book.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce ton assistance, il a fini le travail.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to your help, he finished the work.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce Dieu!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thank God! Variations You can also modify this phrase to say its thanks to... by placing the word  cest in front of grà ¢ce :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sil a rà ©ussi lexamen, cest grà ¢ce toi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  If he passed the test, its all thanks to you.Remember that followed by the definite article le or les must contract:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest grà ¢ce au centre de loisirs que je sais utiliser Facebook.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its thanks to the leisure center that I know how to use Facebook.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grà ¢ce aux conseils de Pierre, nous avons trouvà © la maison parfaite.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to Pierres advice, we found the perfect house.Antonym: To blame someone or something for a negative event or situation, use the expression cause de.

The Prosecution System of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Prosecution System of Canada - Essay Example This is especially true when it is something that is involving one from the police force's on brotherhood. They are hesitant to act right away, which is evidently obvious in the subsequent case being discussed in this research. In the first case it can be safely assumed that law enforcement is quite aware of interactions involving the distribution of this drug in many areas of Canada yet when they find that it is being carried out for the betterment of those with health issues they often step aside unless unabashed behaviors are found to be quite heavy. The reasons for this are many since the Constitution plays an integral part in how all of this comes into being. The Constitutional rights and the new Charter, of the individual in this first case plays a definitive role in the prosecution process sometimes hindering it and leading to dismissals while at other times assisting the prosecution. There are a number of variables that affect this legal process and none really have the solidity that law enforcement would like. Also, many similar ramifications of this new Charter have an affect on the secondary case in this research as well because this mans Constitutional rights have not been wholly upheld, and pr omises for treatment of his depression not kept totally intact. He has somewhat slipped through the cracks and been looked over. Perhaps this could be due to the fact he has a history of working in the police department and no one assumed his actions would go as far as they did in the case. Chapter 7 of the Constitution protects the rights of those who are very ill, either mentally (such as with severe depression) or with a medical reason so it is seen how this Charter plays a part in both of these cases. There are cases that can provide validity into both of these scenarios, and that can also give the solid reasoning needed to find the answer as to why it is imperative to have a legal understanding of how these types of cases should be handled. In this way an appropriate legal definition can be understood as to how and why legal actions should or should not be carried out. Reverting back to the case involving the usage and distribution of cannabis, Mr. Smith's case is not so different from many others and on these grounds he will more than likely not be held liable for any criminal intent in his business activities so it would be somewhat useless to even attempt to take the case to court based on the concrete evidence that is available. That is, unless it can be proven that his motives are promoting recreational usage as well. The case with the prior police officer is a little more complicated and the following research will show how disregard for treatment of depression, for anyone, can lead to more complications than first perceived. This is even with regard to those who are normally upstanding and law abiding citizens. The Smith Case This case is openly situated around the idea that the distribution of marijuana or cannabis is solely regulated by the MMAR but there remain some restrictions in this area. In this case, as in many others in the past, law enforcement is aware of the transactions going on outside of the regulations of this program yet they do not always enforce any legal penalties, not unless there is a

'I am not a philosopher, I am an artist' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

'I am not a philosopher, I am an artist' - Essay Example The intention of making artwork for the purpose of creating art instead of making a statement that is based on philosophical agreements allows one to understand how art can be created only for the purpose of expression and for representing a different form of art. To become an artist that only works with art for form and aesthetics, is the need to first define what art is. This allows one to move outside of the philosophy of art for the sake of interpreting different beliefs and ideals. When looking at art for the sake of creation, one finds that this is based on the expression of aesthetics. Art becomes one that is defined by a natural expression that is formed from art. One of the theories that relates to this is the aesthetic theory. This states that art is defined by the properties of beauty as well as art forms that oppose beauty and aesthetics. The concept that this displays with art is one that moves beyond the complexities of defining art and instead states that art is only for or against the aesthetics that are displayed in different forms and in the techniques that are used. The concept of the aesthetic of arts is one that questions the true nature of what it means to be an artist, not for a purpose or for a philosophy, but instead for the creation of aesthetics and expression1. Once one moves beyond the basic definition of art, then philosophies will often be added into the expression, such as formalism, emotionalism and other theories. This leads to other definitions that are based on philosophies, as opposed to the ideal of working with art for the sake of aesthetics and production of creativity. This has led other artists into a definition of art that takes out the extra philosophies, definitions and intent behind the work. This leads into a de-definition of art, which is created only for art sake. The mediums that are produced and the expressions

To an Unborn Pauper Chile Essay Example for Free

To an Unborn Pauper Chile Essay Hardy considers the probable fate of a child soon to be born into poverty. This is a poem which grew from an incident that he probably witnessed in the Dorchester Magistrates Court but Hardys sincerity and compassion for the plight of human beings makes the incident of concern to us all. The poem begins startlingly with an opening line in which Hardy addresses the child as hid heart because it is as yet unborn in its mothers womb, and advises it not to be born to Breathe not and to cease silently. The rest of the verse gives Hardys reason for this advice. It is better to Sleep the long sleep because fate (The Doomsters) will bring the child troubles and difficulties (Travails and teens) in its life, and Time wraiths turn our songsingings to fear, that is our spontaneous feelings of joy and happiness in life are turned to fear by time. Time as usual in Hardys writings is seen as the enemy of man and the unusual conceptions of Fate as Doomsters and Time as Time-Wraiths (Spirits) suggests a conscious and deliberate process at work. STANZA 2 In the second stanza, Hardy develops the idea of the destructiveness of time urging the child to listen to how people sigh, and to note how all such natural positive values as laughter, hopes, faiths, affections and enthusiasms are destroyed by time. Set against these positive nouns are negative verbs suggesting this withering process: sigh, fail, die, dwindle, waste, numb. The verse concludes by stressing that the child cannot alter this process if it is born. In the third stanza, Hardy vows that if he were able to communicate with the unborn before their life on earth began, and if the child were able to choose whether to live or die, he would impart all his knowledge to the child and ask it if it would take life as it is. STANZA 4 Hardy immediately, and forcefully, rejects this as a futile vow, for he nor anyone can explain to the child what will happen to it when it is born (Lifes pending plan). The stanza contains weaknesses of style: the oddity of theeward and the awkward inversion Explain none can. But the last two lines present starkly the inevitability of birth in spite of the most dreadful events Life can bring. This ability to look unflinchingly at unpalatable reality is one of Hardys major strengths as a poet. Â  In contrast to the ending of the fourth stanza, the fifth one opens very gently. Hardy speaks directly and tenderly to the child, in simple monosyllables, wishing that he could find some secluded place (shut plot) in the world for it, where its life would be calm, unbroken by tear or qualm. But with tender simplicity, and the absence of any bitterness, Hardy recognises that I am weak as thou and bare he is unable to influence fate as the child. STANZA 6 The poem ends with the recognition that the child must come and live (bide) on earth, and the hope that in spite of the evidence it will find health, love and friends and joys seldom yet attained by people.

Summary of Canins Emperor of the Air :: essays research papers

RR - â€Å"Emperor of the Air† Connections Our traditions are what keep families together. From a gold locket to an old photograph, these items are irreplaceable. What they hold to them are memories of those before us and moments in history that have passed. In the story, â€Å"Emperor of the Air† by Ethan Canin, an elderly man is forced to give up the one thing that his family has left behind: a two hundred year old elm tree. It holds the memories of his childhood and still shows signs of life that may still last for years to come. As the story begins, the narrator, introduces himself as â€Å"sixty-nine years old, [who] lives in the same house [he] was raised in, and [has] been the high school biology and astronomy teacher† (3) in the same town. Though he is married, he has no children which gives both he and his wife Vera opportunities to travel the world. However, due to a heart attack, his wife now travels solo because his body has weakened from the occurrence. He often feels lonely because his wife travels for weeks and his only entertainment are stars. A sudden situation erupts between he and his neighbor, Mr. Pike. His neighbor informs the man that he must cut down the old elm tree because it is infected with insects that may cause the tree to fall on his home. However, the man is reluctant in doing so because it is over two hundred years of age and holds value to him. It is considered a family heirloom. In an attempt to preserve the tree’s life, the elderly man combines several poisons and spreads it around the tree. For a short while it actually works, but soon the insects reappear causing the situation to escalate. Mr. Pike with no other alternatives, contacts the authorities and the request to cut down the elm tree is granted. In order to save his tree, the old man decides to take some insects from his tree and spread it to his neighbor’s elm trees.

Roger Chillingworth’s Journal

Doctor Roger Chillingworth July 21st 1646 The minister's health is fading. I fear that if I do not find a solution to his ailment soon that he may die, leaving me without a meaningful patient. Maybe it is Hester Prynne that is the problem. She is the evil influence that is taking the last little bit of life he has left. I am ashamed to think that I was even minutely involved with her many years ago. I used to be a good man but our terrible marriage corrupted me. All I have left is Mr. Dimmesdale. I have made him a concoction using plants I found on tombstones.I hope that these plants, which have grown from buried human hearts will have an effect on him. If he dies then I will no longer have a patient to perform experiments on so I will have to slow my medical research until I find another ailing individual. It will be hard to find another individual with such a strong heart and a similar aura to the pastor. Also, a victim with enough assets to pay for my expenses. He knows that I hav e profited from his ailments and his weak frame. I do not see the Pastor's recovery as a likely scenario.I see that he is heading to his grave so I need to take as much energy from him before he passes on. Maybe it is the demon child Pearl that is causing his imminent death. She has her own sickness which I tried to cure previously, but was unable. The deep rooted evil in the child is something even the most skilled physician cannot remove with any medicine. You can see the malevolent spirit in her eyes. I wonder if the father of this child is the devil himself. Hester is too ashamed to name her father even years after the incident. One day I will find out how this child came to be.Perhaps I will go out again to the forest tonight and perform a ritual to try to find out the true father. I must find out soon, I am getting to be an old man and I fear my time in this town is limited if I cannot find another host. I shall take the pastor for a walk on the beach tomorrow while I secretly gather ingredients for a spell. He has not been walking as well but I will still insist that he come. I must search into this matter further. If he questions me as he usually does, I will give him some medicine to calm him down.I have a draught I have made that will slow him down for a few days giving me the opportunity to control the situation. My intelligence is far superior to that of Arthur's and I can use that to my advantage. It is true that he is a man of purity; but he is also naive. He is the perfect patient in every way. I hope that my medicines can extend his life for at least another year. He is a very rare case, I must find out more before he leaves my care. I will continue practising on him until he expires. ,Roger Chillingworth~

Comfort Theory Essay

In my nursing practice with long term care residents, I frequently care for dying residents. Instead of simply providing these patients with medication to ease the pain, I wanted to learn about ways to enhance the comfort of the dying patient and assist their beloved family throughout the difficult process. This desire led me to undertake a concept analysis of comfort. Through my research at the end of life, I discovered Katharine Kolcaba’s theory of comfort. I found her theory to be usefully in describing the concept of comfort care and decided to further analyze her theory and portray its use in the nursing practice. Katharine Kolcaba was born on December 8, 1944 in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1965, she graduated from St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing and started her nursing career. Even at that time, Katharine had interests in the developing of nursing profession. Particularly, she strived to understand how to implicate nursing in gerontology correctly. Early years of her career were the time of establishment and development of Kolcaba as a theorist. She studied a great number of early theory works and began to apply this knowledge at her work place. In 1997, she had her next achievements such as earning of Ph.D. in nursing, and receiving of a Certificate of Authority as a Clinical Nursing Specialist. This year Katharine also received the Marie Haug Student Award for being excellent student in Aging Studies. This award was from her native Case Western Reserve University. Kolcaba’s specialist field consisted of comfort studies, nursing theory, and nursing research. Nevertheless, the special place in that list took gerontology and the end of life. From that time, she especially concentrated on research and development in gerontology. The next professional level was the teaching. In 1987, Katharine Kolcaba started Bachelor’s program of Nursing, which specialized on gerontology. It was a starting point of developing her concepts of nursing. At that time,† she developed her propositions about comfort with specific attention on end-of-life and palliative care with focus on gerontology as an emerging specialty in nursing† (Nursing Theories, 2012). As a result, Katharine published Comfort Theory and Practice: a Vision for Holistic Health Care and Research in 1999. She continued teaching in  University and developed her theory. In 2003, the publishing of the Comfort Theory and Practice: A vision for Holistic Health Care became a great result of the hard work. In the same year, Midwest Nursing Research Society rewarded Katharine Kolcaba with the Advancement of Science Award for her work End of Life and Palliative Care Nursing. Then, she took part in co-writing of article published in Anesthesia Nursing. In 2005 she received Second Place Award in the Best Practice Category by the American Society. According to Kolcaba (2003): Katharine Kolcaba first b egan â€Å"theorizing about the outcome of comfort† (Kolcaba, 2003) while working on a dementia unit as a head nurse and pursuing her Master’s of Science in Nursing at Case Western Reserve University. She further yet continued her research while pursuing her doctoral degree which she ended up completing in 1997. Her interest was sparked by her understanding that comfort was a necessary component for optimum function in the patients she cared for on the dementia unit. With the patients being largely non-verbal, the nurses were required to interpret the patient’s actions to determine what may be causing discomfort in a patient, thus leading to disruptive behaviors. From this assessment it was possible to implement care plans to treat underlying issues or enhance patient comfort leading to improved patient care. Her work produced numerous articles and a book describing the theory of comfort, its assumptions, the major concepts and their relationships, techniques for measuring comfort in a variety of environments, and discussions for the theory’s application in nursing practice. An overview of this will be presented. First, it is important to understand what comfort is i n Kolcaba’s terms. Historically, Florence Nightingale spoke of comfort when she stated that â€Å"it must never be lost sight of what observation is for. It is not for the sake of piling up miscellaneous information or curious facts, but for the sake of saving life and increasing health and comfort† (Peterson & Bredow, 2004). Comfort is also referred to by many major nursing theorists including Orlando, Roy, Watson, Henderson, Paterson, and Zderad, but no one sought to understand the nature of comfort itself. Kolcaba undertook this effort when she performed her analysis of the concept of comfort. In her analysis, Kolcaba described two dimensions. â€Å"The first dimension of comfort consists of three states, called relief, ease and transcendence† (Kolcaba, 1994). â€Å"The second dimension of comfort is the contexts in which comfort can occur†¦which are  derived from the nursing literature about holism† (Kolcaba, 1994). The definitions of the three states of comfort are presented next. Kolcaba derived her three states of comfort from other nursing theorists. Orlando originally spoke of relief stating that â €Å"nursing actions should be designed to meet the physical and mental needs of patients and it focuses on how the nurse deciphers what the patient’s needs are† (Kolcaba, 1991). Ultimately, Kolcaba defined relief as â€Å"when the patient is capable or if comfort provides respite from the stress and anguish of disease, debilitation or injury.† The second state of comfort, ease, is defined as â€Å"an enduring stated of peaceful contentment. Henderson originally spoke of the concept of ease when she stated that â€Å"only after a discomfort is relieved can the patient proceed to recovery† (Kolcaba, 1991). Finally, of renewal or transcendence, Kolcaba wrote that it â€Å"implies enhanced powers, strengthened motivation, and positive attitudes and outlooks for meeting the life challenges normal for that person† or â€Å"the state in which one rises above problems or pain† (Kolcaba, 1991). This was developed from Paterson and Zderads’s statement that â€Å"comfort is the state in which the patient is free to be and become controlling and planning one’s own destiny.† After gaining understanding of the three states of comfort, it is necessary to discuss the four contexts in within which they occur. The four concepts are physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural. The first context comfort can occur in is physical. Kolcaba defined the physical context as â€Å"pertaining to bodily sensations.† The phsycopspiritual context was defined as â€Å"pertaining to the internal awareness of self, including esteem, concept, sexuality and meaning in one’s life; it can also encompass one’s relationship to a higher order or being.† The third context, sociocultural was defined as â€Å"pertaining to the external background of human experience; encompasses light, noise, ambience, color, temperature and natural versus synthetic elements.† While most would think of comfort as a strictly physical experience with only one possible outcome, Kolcaba believed it was important to stress that comfort encompassed a variety of states and contexts that were necessary to consider when ensuring the best patient outcomes. To best depict the relationship between them, she developed a grid in her taxonomic structure of comfort that helped t o further define her ideas. A discussion of the major concepts in the theory is presented next. There are seven major concepts presented by Kolcaba in her theory of comfort. These concepts are health care needs, nursing interventions, intervening variables, patient comfort, health-seeking behaviors, institutional integrity and institutional outcomes. She defines health care needs as â€Å"needs that arise for patients in stressful health care situations (Kolcaba, 2001). Intervening variables are those things â€Å"that will affect the outcomes† and she describes patient comfort as â€Å"the immediate state of being strengthened by having needs met.† Health seeking behaviors are defined as â€Å"patient actions of which they may or may not be aware and which may or may not be observed that are predictor or indicators of improved health† (Kolcaba, 2001). Institutional integrity is defined as â€Å"the quality or state of health care organizations† (Kolcaba, 2003). Finally, she described institutional outcomes as â€Å"decreased lengths of stay, successful discharges, and improved public relations when patients and families are happy with their health care† (Kolcaba, 2001), which for hospital administrators is the ultimate goal when comfort is a key nursing consideration. With the key concepts identified and defined, their relationship to one another needs to be understood. Kolcaba clearly described the relationship between her major concepts when she stated her positions in theory of comfort: Nurses identify patients’ comfort needs that have not been met by existing support systems. Nurses design interventions to address those needs. Intervening variables are taken into account in designing interventions and mutually agreeing on reasonable immediate and/or subsequent health-seeking behavior outcomes. If enhanced comfort in achieved, patients are strengthened to engage in health-seeking behaviors. When patients engage in health seeking behaviors as a result of being strengthened by comforting actions, nurses and patients are more satisfied with their health care. When patients are satisfied with their health care in a specific situation, that institution retains its integrity. The last relationship, not defined explicitly by Kolcaba, is that institutional outcomes are direct result of understanding and addressing a patients comfort needs. Finally, before an analysis of the theory of comfort can be completed, it is necessary to understand the major assumptions made by Kolcaba when developing her theory. According to Kolcaba, those assumptions underpinning her theory of comfort are as follows. Human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli. Comfort is a desirable holistic outcome that is germane to the discipline of nursing. Human beings strive to meet, or have to meet, their basic comfort needs; it is an active endeavor. Institutional integrity has a normative and descriptive component that is based on a patient-oriented value system. The theory of comfort is referred to as a middle range theory. Whall compares middle range theories with grand theories and states that middle range theories â€Å"contain fewer concepts and relationships, are adaptable to a wide range of practice and experience, can be built from many sources, and are concrete enough to be tested† (Kolcaba, 2001). Given this description, the theory of comfort can be readily identified as a middle range theory. With regard to the concepts presented by Kolcaba, they are clearly defined and the relationship between them are easily understood. The concepts are generalized and measurable through the development of numerous measurement tools designed fo r specific environments. The theory itself had been applied in a number of different environments including hospice, perioperative, radiation therapy and general care areas. Questionnaires to test the theory of comfort have been developed for each of these areas and successfully tested and employed. The scope of the theory is narrow and stands at a low level of abstraction. Most importantly, the theory is readily applicable to the nursing discipline and provide a clear framework relevant to meeting patient’s needs during a stressful life event. It allows the nurse to define, with input from the patient, what their needs are within the four contexts, to address those needs with nursing interventions, to evaluate the success or failure of those interventions and to continue in a cyclic manner until the patient achieves a state of comfort. In essence, the framework provides a process model for nursing that is specific to comfort and precise. It is easy for a nurse to use and understand and can be applied in many environments. In evaluating and analyzing the theory of comfort, numerous research possibilities come to mind. Given my specific interest in end of life care, it is important to understand that the nurse is focused not only on the comfort of the patient but also on that of the families and caregivers of the dying patient. While one would think of health-seeking  behaviors to be focused on cure or rehabilitation, they can also be used to aid in a more peaceful or comfortable death. Therefore, a study that evaluated the level of comfort experienced by the patient and family members with and without direct care provided by the family members could be undertaken. The study would seek to determine whether less medical intervention is required to ensure patient comfort during the dying process if there is increased family involvement in care. This nurse would hypothesize that, in measuring patient comfort, less medical intervention would be required to maintain an acceptable level of comfort in death if family members have greater involvement in providing care. Conversely, another possible study could involve family member comfort and ask if family members have an increased level of comfort with greater involvement in patient care during the period proceeding death. The sample population for both studies would by dying patients and their family members. To measure family member comfort, data could be collected utilizing a likert-scale questionnaire. To measure patient comfort, and questionnaire could be developed for those patients that are able to verbalize or the nurse could be given a list of objective signs and symptoms of comfort to evaluate in order to determine patient comfort. Kolcaba’s work has led to a universal theory applicable to all areas of nursing. She has captured the quintessential essence of nursing in a simple and structured framework. Use of her framework in practice can lead to improved patient experiences in one of the most important outcomes of nursing practice, patient comfort. References Kolcaba, Katharine (2001). Evolution of the mid range theory of comfort for outcomes research. Nursing Outlook, 49(2), 86-92 Kolcaba, Katharine (1991B). An analysis of the concept of comfort. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 1301-1310 Kolcaba, Katharine (1991A). A taxonomic structure for the concept of comfort. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 23(4), 237-240 Kolcaba, Katherine (1994). A theory of holistic comfort for nursing. Journal of Advance Nursing, 19, 1178-1184 Kolcaba, Katherine (2003). Comfort theory and practice: A Vision for Holistic Health Care and Research. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Peterson, S.J., & Bredow, T.S. (2004). Comfort. In Middle Ranger Theories: Application to Nursing Research (pp. 255-273). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nursing and Healthcare English Vocabulary

Nursing and Healthcare English Vocabulary Here is a list of some of the most important English vocabulary items for the nursing and healthcare industry. This selection of vocabulary is based on the Occupational Handbook provided by the United States Department of Labor. Each vocabulary item includes the appropriate part of speech to help with usage.   After the list, youll find tips to help you further improve vocabulary related to healthcare. Top Nursing and Healthcare Vocabulary Accelerated  - (adjective)Accredited  - (adjective)Acute  - (adjective)Adequate  - (adjective)Administer  - (verb)Administered  - (adjective)Administration  - (noun)Adn- (acronym)Advance  - (noun / verb)Advice  - (noun)Agency  Ã‚  - (noun)Aide  Ã‚  - (noun)Ambulatory  - (noun)Anatomy  - (noun)Anesthesia  - (noun)Anesthetist  - (noun)Approved  - (adjective)Assist  - (verb)Assistance  - (noun)Assistant  - (noun)Bathing  - (adjective)Blood  - (noun)Board  - (noun)Bsn- (acronym)Cancer  - (noun)Care  - (noun / verb)Career  - (noun)Care for  Ã‚  - (verb)Center  Ã‚  - (noun)Certified  - (adjective)Clinical  - (adjective)Clinic  - (noun)Communication  Ã‚  - (noun)Condition  Ã‚  - (noun)Consulting  - (noun)Continuing  - (adjective)Council  - (noun)Credentialing  - (noun)Critical  - (adjective)Demand  - (noun / verb)Determine  Ã‚  - (verb)Diabetes  - (noun)Diagnoses  - (noun)Diagnostic  - (adjective)Difficultyà ‚  - (noun)Diploma  - (noun)Disability  - (noun)Disease  - (noun)Disorder  Ã‚  - (noun)District  - (noun)Dressing  - (adjective)Duty  Ã‚  - (noun)Educational  - (noun) Elderly  - (adverb)Eligibility  - (noun)Emergency  - (noun)Emotional  - (adjective)Entry  - (noun)Environment  - (noun)Exam  - (noun)Examination  - (noun)Facilities  - (noun)Facility  - (noun)Faculty  - (noun)Follow  - (verb)Formally  - (adverb)Geriatrics  - (noun)Gerontology  - (noun)Health  - (noun)Hold - (verb)Hospital  - (noun)Illness  - (noun)Increase  - (noun / verb)Infectious  - (adjective)Injection  Ã‚  - (noun)Injury  - (noun)Internal  - (adjective)Junior  - (noun)Laboratory  - (noun)Level  - (noun)License  - (noun)Licensed  - (adjective)Licensure  - (noun)Lpns- (acronym)Manage  - (verb)Medical  - (adjective)Medication  - (noun)Medicine  - (noun)Member  Ã‚  - (noun)Mental  - (adjective)Midwife  - (noun)Monitor  - (noun / verb)Monitoring  - (adjective)Msn- (acronym)Nature  - (noun)Nclex- (acronym)Neonatology  - (noun)Nurse  - (noun)Nursing  - (noun)Nutrition  - (noun)Obtain  - (verb)Offerà ‚  - (noun / verb)Office  - (noun)Oncology  - (noun)Order  - (noun / verb)Outpatient  - (noun)Pass  - (verb)Path  Ã‚  - (noun)Patient  - (noun)Pediatrics  - (noun) Pharmacology  - (noun)Physical  - (adjective)Physician  - (noun)Physiology  - (noun)Plan  - (noun / verb)Planning  - (adjective)Postoperative  - (adjective)Practical  - (adjective)Practice  - (noun)Practitioners  - (noun)Prenatal  - (adjective)Prepare  - (verb)Prescribe  - (verb)Preventive  - (adjective)Primary  - (adjective)Procedure  Ã‚  - (noun)Program  - (noun / verb)Prospect  Ã‚  - (noun)Provide  - (verb)Provider  - (noun)Psychiatric  - (adjective)Public  - (noun)Qualified  - (adjective)Radiation  - (noun)Rapid  - (adjective)Record  - (noun / verb)Registered  - (adjective)Rehabilitation  - (noun)Remain  - (verb)Report  - (noun / verb)Residential  - (adjective)Response  - (noun)Retaining  - (adjective)Rn- (acronym)Rns- (acronym)Routine  - (noun)Rural  - (adjective)Scope  - (noun)Section  - (noun)Serve  - (verb)Services  - (noun)Setting  - (noun)Sign  Ã‚  - (noun)Skin  - (noun)Specialist  - (noun )Specialize  - (verb)Specialty  - (noun)Specific  - (adjective)Staff  - (noun)Supervise  Ã‚  - (verb)Supervision  - (noun)Surgeon  - (noun)Surgery  - (noun) Surgical  - (adjective)Team  - (noun)Term  - (noun)Test  - (noun / verb)Therapeutic  - (adjective)Therapy  - (noun)Training  - (noun)Treat  - (verb)Treatment  - (noun)Unit  - (noun) Improving Your Vocabulary Tips Use each word in a sentence both when speaking and writing. Try to use the words in conversations, or just practice by speaking to yourself using the target vocabulary.  After writing each word in a sentence, write some paragraphs describing your own specialty in healthcare or nursing. Which words can you add to the list?Learn synonyms and antonyms by  using an online thesaurus  to further extend your nursing and healthcare vocabulary.  Use a visual dictionary  which will help you learn the names of specific equipment used in healthcare.  Listen to co-workers and note how they use these words. If they use words you dont understand, ask them to explain when they have time.  Search online for information about nursing and healthcare in general. Listen to podcasts on the subject, read a blog about agriculture. Keep informed in English and your knowledge of related vocabulary will grow quickly.

Analysing People Oriented Methodology And Its Ethics Philosophy Essay

Analysing People Oriented Methodology And Its Ethics Philosophy Essay People oriented methodology is mainly focused on obtaining the ethical position of every individual. It emphasizes more on ethics which is a participative approach of human or people who might be the stakeholders or users. It also highlight’s that users are deeply involved in the development process and take control over the stages, it means that the users are also involved in the decision making process and fully committed to the IS development. People oriented methodology can be applied to a system which really involves various types of people. It is normally a difficult task of making the users getting involved in to the development stages, but still the involvement of users from the top level management to the staff level is required in order to avoid some thoughts of the user like, feeling that the job should be more demanding and less secure. On the other hand user involvement may also be used to improvise the human-computer interface. Using this sort of an approach als o includes visibility, simplicity, consistency and flexibility. It is also one to the suitable methodology in the life cycle where its aim is to involve users in the development system; its focus is on ethics, socio technical view and human implementation; in the feasibility phase it identifies current problem, opportunity, system boundaries, existing system, key objectives and task. In the analysis phase diagnosis of efficiency, job satisfaction need and analysis, specifying and weighting efficiency is done. People-oriented methodology focuses on organizational design of new system, technical options and preparation of a detailed work design. In the implementation phase, the implementing process is planned in detail it also checks for whatever it is required to make a smooth changeover and finally in the maintenance phase the system is checked in order to make sure the objective is attained, If not the correction action is taken once again ETHICS As it is told already people-orient ed methodology mainly focuses on ethics. Ethics is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is concepts such as good and bad, wrong and right, justice and virtue. On the hand it can also be defined as a moral philosophy involving systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior which is required for an organization. According to Enid Mumford (see Mumford, 1995), ethics is a methodology based on the participative approach to information systems development. Ethics is different from most of the system development methodologies. In ethics the process of change is viewed with the perspective of organizational issue and not as a technical issue. Ethical Theories Ethical theories play an important role in optimizing ordinary moral functions and to establish or defend basic moral principles. Why Ethical Theories? The need for this is that the emergence of new practices in the business and the basic principles may not be enou gh for the arising problems and may not cover the new areas that are still uncovered. Therefore it is necessary for a rational and consistent theory to evaluate the morality of actions. There are two possible approaches in order to overcome these problems, firstly there are some general rules and approaches but they may not be enough for some sort of issues. There might be some situation where the generally accepted practice or rules may be challenged. In such cases if there is some ways to decide and proceed on which, rule to follow it would be grateful. The ethical theories help an individual or an organization in choosing the right rule.

Business accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business accounting - Essay Example Financial ratio analysis enables decision makers to uncover trends in business performance and compare different business organizations (Keown, et. al 2005). It should be noted that these ratios are classified according to the aspects that they measure including profitability, liquidity, efficiency, solvency, and investor ratios. Considering that the business organization under consideration is considered small and medium business organization, this report will focus only on profitability, liquidity, and efficiency. In terms of liquidity, the current ratio and the acid-test ratio will be utilized. At first look, the Northern Branch displays a slightly higher level of liquidity with its current ratio of 1.060. Should all of its current liabilities become due immediately, The Southern Branch will only be able to pay off 99.6% with its current assets. However, the acid test ratio shows that most of the Northern Branch's most current assets are tied up in inventories. In fact, when inventory is deducted from the current assets, it will only yield an acid-test ratio of 0.34. On the other hand, the Southern Branch has much more liquid assets indicated by its acid test ratio of 0.54. In terms of efficiency, the following ratios will be considered: debtor's turnover; debtor days; creditor's turnover; creditor days; and stock turnovers which will be divided according to the main inventories namely, food and beverages. The Northern Branch has a lower debtor's turnover leading to higher debtor days which indicates the collection period of account receivables. During the fiscal year, the branch reports debtor's turnover of 9.30 and debtor days of 39.21. On the other hand, the Southern Branch appears to be more efficient in collecting its receivables with its debtor's turnover of 12.13 and debtor days of 30.08 days. It is also apparent that the Southern Branch is relatively better in servicing its short term creditors as indicated by its higher creditor turnover and lower creditor days. The branch's creditor's turnover reported is 6.09, far better than Northern Branch's 1.74. This is translated to creditor days of 59.85 (Southern Branch) which is very much faster than Northern Branch's payment period of 208.63 days. In terms of inventory management, the Northern Branch still lags behind the Southern Branch both in food and beverages. The Southern Branch's stock of food turns at an average of 17.24 annually and stays in the company's warehouse in a period of 21.17 days. On the other hand, the Northern Branch's turnover averages 5.66 times a year while stock days is 64.39. The same is true with beverages. While the Southern Branch has a turnover of 3.05 and stock days of 119.54, the Northern Branch is not able to sell its beverage stocks for the fiscal year. It stays in the company's warehouse for more than a year (593.39 days) before it is finally sold. To measure profitability, this report will look at the return of capital employed (ROCE), gross profits, and net profit. The Southern Branch reports higher ratios in all these categories. The branch has an ROCE 0.36 compared to the Northern Branch's 0.26. In terms of profit margins, the Southern Bra

What Drives Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Drives Toyota - Essay Example The OM301 concept entails that an organization assesses its management to ensure that it best serves to achieve the goals of the organization. One aspect that makes Toyota so successful is their quality management. Toyota has developed a tradition of not just manufacturing cars, but manufacturing better cars. This is one of the aspects that drive Toyota Company. The production process at Toyota can be described as threefold. The first fold is making cars, then making cars better and then teaching everyone how to make cars better. With a ratio of eight robots per car in the painting stage, the quality of the color outlook of the car is guaranteed to be standard (Iyer et al, 2009). The cars further spend a relatively standard time in the color painting stage to keep the quality in check. Toyota Company has always strived to manage their production processes in a way that not only guarantees quality but also saves time. In the color painting stage, for example, Toyota Company managed to reduce the amount of time taken to paint a car from ten hours to eight hours. In 2004, the company used to take time to interchange the hose pipes supplying paint to the robots. The company can be seen to have employed the idea from the OM301 concept of improving processes in an organization. After one car had been painted and another one needed to be painted with a different color, the hose pipes had to be removed from that gallon, thoroughly washed and then fixed to the desired gallon. The process could waste up to 30% of the total paint that was bought by the company. Toyota Company came up with a system where the task of interchanging the hose pipes was left to the robots (Iyer et al, 2009). There was no cleaning that was required as the cylinders containing the paint now had each their own hose pipe. The process now took only a few seconds. The company was able to save 30% of the paint that previously went to waste. Management efficiency had

How do people with schizophrenia develop professionally and socially Research Paper

How do people with schizophrenia develop professionally and socially - Research Paper Example hat numerous patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders endure problems in coping with everyday and unpredicted stress (Lysaker, Tsai, & Hammoud, 2009). They may have difficulties in identifying objects/people, verbal fluency (Landrà ¸ & Ueland, 2008), and in planning and initiating activities, which altogether affect basic social skills and behaviors at the workplace (Liddle, 2000, p.12). Because of these cognitive and social deficits, schizophrenics tend to disregard stressors through repression (Scholes & Martin, 2010), or no longer try alternative and productive measures of handing their problems (Lee & Schepp, 2011). This paper examines the effects of schizophrenia on the identities of people with this disorder. Several sources showed that though people with schizophrenia struggle with their mental condition during their lifetime, with proper treatment and support, they can live productive and independent lives (Liberman, & Silbert, 2005; Lysaker, Tsai, & Hammoud, 2009). Social impairments are considered as major parts of schizophrenia and poor social functioning is one of the symptoms needed to diagnose this mental illness (Birchwood, Birchwood, & Jackson, 2001, p.108). People with schizophrenia often suffer from semantic memory problems, which can affect their understanding of reality, as well as their social interactions and relationships (Doughty & Done, 2009). Doughty and Done (2009) conducted systematic review and meta-analyses to understand if people with schizophrenia generally suffer from problems with semantic memory, to determine the distinctive profile of the impairment across the variety of different tests of semantic memory, and to know how the semantic memory impairment interacts with other symptoms, especially the Formal Thought Disorder. They identified 91 relevant papers and findings showed that participants had impaired abilities in naming, word- picture matching, verbal fluency, associations, priming, and categorization; semantic

History of the Ancient Olympics

History of the Ancient Olympics The Origins and History of the Ancient Olympics Introduction The first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 B.C and were celebrated until 393 A.D (Young, 1987). The Games continued for twelve centuries and were dedicated to Olympian gods. Olympia became the site of these historic ancient games that sowed the seeds for the most coveted sporting international event of modern times, the Modern Olympics. The site of the Ancient Olympics is located in the western part of Peloponnese. According to Greek mythology, Peloponnese is the island of Pelops, the Founder of the Olympic Games (Young, 1987). Olympia, in Greece is the sanctuary site for the ancient Greek gods. The central part of Olympia was dominated by the majestic temple of Zeus. The ancient games enjoyed a secular tradition and aimed at securing good relations between the cities of Greece and showing physical qualities and evolution of the performances accomplished by the youth. The Olympic Games were held in four years intervals at the ancient stadium in Olympia that could accommodate more than 40,000 spectators. The surrounding areas around the ancient Olympic stadium were continuously developed until the 4th century BC and were used as training grounds for athletes or to serve as homes for the Olympic judges (Young, 1987). The Ancient Olympics allowed only free men who spoke Greek to participate in the Games. The ancient games had a slight international spirit as they included participants from other parts of Greece. The Greeks that came to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia shared the same religious beliefs and spoke the same language. The athletes were all male citizens of the city-states from every corner of the Greek world, coming from as far away as Iberia (Spain) in the west and the Black Sea (Turkey) in the east (Reeser, 2005) In the ancient Olympics, married women were not allowed to participate in any way. However unmarried women could only spectate. The ancient Olympic Games though did not allow female participants; an exception was made at the Herean Games, staged every four years to honour Hera, wife of Zeus, allowing female athletes to participate in the games. Kyniska, daughter of King Archidamos of Sparta, was the first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor in Antiquity. The events were judged by the Herald, a Hellanodikis (Greek Judge). The Olympic victors in ancient times received their awards immediately after the competition. The Herald, after announcing the name of the victor, placed a palm branch in his hands. Red ribbons were tied on his head and hands to symbolize his victory. The official award ceremony that took place on the last day of the Games was a proud day for the victor. From the elevated vestibule of the temple of Zeus, the Herald announced the name of the winner, his fathers na me and the name of his homeland. The winner was finally honoured with the Herald placing the sacred olive tree wreath or kotinos on the winners head (Reeser, 2005). The Olympic Games, originally created to honour Zeus, was the most important national festival of the ancient Greeks, and a focus of political rivalries between the nation-states. However, all competitions involved individual competitors rather than teams. Winning an Olympic contest was regarded more highly than winning a battle and was proof of an individual athletes personal excellence. The winners were presented with garlands, crowned with olive wreaths, and viewed as national heroes (Young, 1987). Although records of the Olympics date back to 776 BC when the Olympics were reorganized and the official First Olympiad was held, Homers Iliad suggests that they existed as early as the 12th century BC. Emperor Theodosius I of Rome discontinued them in the 4th century AD, and they did not occur again until they were reinstated in Athens in 1896 (Young, 1987). Originally, the Olympics was confined to running, but by the 15th Olympiad, additional sports were added, such as the pentathlon which was made up of five different events, boxing, wrestling, chariot racing, as well as a variety of foot races of varying lengths, including a long-distance race of approximately 2.5 miles. Athletes usually competed without clothes proudly displaying their perfect bodies. Women, foreigners, slaves, and dishonoured persons were forbidden to compete; women, once they were married, were not allowed to spectate any Olympic events, except for chariot races (Reeser, 2005). The actual events taking place have changed significantly since the Ancient Olympics. Evidence shown in pictures, dating from circa 490-480 BC, depicts two men wrestling. Above them hang a discus in its bag and a pair of jumping weights called halteres. Long jumpers used the weights to increase their competition distances by vigorously swinging them forward at the moment of takeoff. The coach or trainer stands to the left of the wrestlers, leaning on his staff and holding a long forked branch. (Rhizopoulou, 2004). The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the nearby city of Elis, won the stadium race, a foot race 600 feet long. According to (Wei, 1996), this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals or until 724 BC. From 776 BC, the Games were held in Olympia every four years for almost 12 centuries (Young, 1987). The marathon was not an event of the ancient Olympic Games. The marathon is a modern event that was first introduced in the Modern Olympic Games of 1896 in Athens, a race from the northeast of Athens to the Olympic Stadium and the athlete had to complete over a distance of 40 kilometres. The race commemorates the run of Pheidippides, an ancient day-runner who carried the news of the Persian landing at Marathon of 490 B.C. to Sparta (a distance of 149 miles) in order to enlist help for the battle. According to (finely, 1976) during the fifth century B.C. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, Pheidippides delivered the news to the Spartans the next day. The distance of the modern marathon was standardized as 26 miles 385 yards or 42.195 km. in 1908 when the Olympic Games were held in London. The distance was the exact measurement between Windsor Castle, the start of the race, and the finish line inside White City Stadium (Wei, 1996). Although the ancient Games were staged in Olympia, Greece, from 776 BC through 393 AD, it took 1503 years for the Olympics to return. The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The man responsible for its rebirth was a Frenchman named Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who presented the idea in 1894. His original thought was to unveil the modern Games in 1900 in his native Paris, but delegates from 34 countries were so enthralled with the concept that they convinced him to move the Games up to 1896 and have Athens serve as the first host (Wei, 1996). The idea of the Olympic torch or Olympic Flame was first inaugurated in the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games. There were known, however, torch relays in other ancient Greek athletic festivals including those held at Athens. The modern Olympic torch relay was first took place at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. The Modern Olympic flag of five linked rings, each with a primary colour used in the flags of the nations competing in the games, was introduced in 1908. There is no ancient basis for this modern symbol (Rhizopoulou, 2004). THE POLITICS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES The celebration of the Olympic Games in antiquity was an occasion for citizens of scattered Greek city-states to assemble. At the Games they discussed important political issues, celebrated common military victories and even formed political and military alliances. But the Games were not only a forum in which to discuss political events; they were also the cause of political conflict. Control of the Sanctuary and the Games brought with it prestige, economic advantages and, most importantly, political influence. As early as the 7th century BC we hear of disputes over the control of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia between the city of Elis (30 miles to the north) and the small neighbouring town of Pisa (Wei, 1996). In 668 BC, according to Pausanias (a 2nd century AD Greek traveller), the powerful tyrant of Argos (named Pheidon) was asked by the town of Pisa to capture the Sanctuary of Zeus from the city-state of Elis. Pheidon, with his army of well-trained hoplites (armed soldiers), marched across the Peloponnesos, secured the Sanctuary for the town of Pisa, and personally presided over the conduct of the games. But Pisas control of the Sanctuary was brief: by the next year Elis had regained control (Fineley, 1976). The Olympic Truce was instituted by the city-state of Elis to protect against military incursions which interrupted the Games. Every four years, special heralds from Elis were sent out to all corners of the Greek world to announce the approaching Olympic festival and games. Along with this news, they would announce the Olympic Truce, which protected athletes, visitors, spectators and official embassies who came to the festival from becoming involved in local conflicts. Later, political tyrants of the 7th and 6th centuries BC attempted to achieve influence by more peaceful means. They participated in the athletic and equestrian contests of the Olympic Games and dedicated conspicuously lavish offerings to Olympian Zeus at the site of the games (Finley, 1976). Nowadays there is a strong connection between salesmanship and sports and some would even say that the line between sales pitching and fast pitches has become completely blurred. At Olympic competitions, athletes uniforms and equipment bear the discreet but readily identifiable trademarks of their manufacturers. After the Games, we are presented with images of Olympians endorsing products and appearing on cereal boxes. Later, some Olympic celebrities become commodities themselves, as TV shows and record labels cash in on their fame (Wei, 1996). Even in the Ancient Olympics, the victorious athletes were still celebrated and became famous for their outstanding abilities and achievements. Sculptors were commissioned to create statues of victorious athletes to be set up in the Sanctuary or in the home town of the athlete. According to Pliny, most of the statues set up in the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia were idealistic images of athletes. We are told that only if an athlete had won three Olympic victories could a realistic likeness of the athlete appear in the Sanctuary. In the Ancient Olympics, if an athlete was found guilty of cheating or bribing officials, they would be subjected to some form of public humiliation. For example if athletes were found guilty of cheating the they were made to created statues of the eventual champions which were placed in stadium so that people could celebrate them (Rhizopoulou , 2004). THE MODERN OLYMPICS Todays Modern Olympic Games have 32 different categories of competitive events. When you consider that of these many, like track and field, have several events within the category and then break down further to mens and womens and team and individual competition, it is nearly impossible to keep track of the Games as they progress. Things were much simpler in the past. The Ancient Olympics had 13 events which were divided into 6 main categories and only men were allowed to participate in the events (Vassill, 2004). The main categories were boxing, equestrian events, pentathlon, running and jumping. The Equestrian events were broken down into two sub-categories: chariot racing and riding. The Pentathlon was a combination of five events: discus, javelin, jump, running, and wrestling (Crowther, 1996). Boxing in ancient Greece had fewer rules than boxing today. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them was knocked out, or admitted he had been beaten. There was no rule that prevented a boxer from hitting an opponent when he was down. There was no weight class in either the mens or boys divisions and the contestants were chosen randomly. The boxers did not wear gloves but wrapped their hands and wrists with leather straps called himantes.and this meant that their fingers were left free (Vassill, 2004). Equestrian events were divided into classes of chariot racing and riding. The chariot races consisted of both the 2-horse chariot and the 4-horse chariot and there were separate races for chariots drawn by foals. There was a race of carts included in this event that consisted of competition between carts drawn by teams of 2 mules. The length of the chariot races was 12 laps around the stadium track which was approximately 9 miles (Vassill, 2004). Riding was the other equestrian event and the course was 6 laps around the stadium track which equaled 4.5 miles. The jockeys rode without stirrups and the races were broken down into competition between foals and full-grown horses. Because it was so expensive to train, feed and equip the participants the owners were awarded the olive wreath of victory instead of the riders (Wei, 1996). The most physical event of the Ancient Olympic Games was the pankration. This grueling event consisted of both boxing and wrestling. The hands were not wrapped in the leather himantes. The only limitations on physical brutality were the rules against biting and gouging the opponents eyes, nose, or mouth with fingernails. Kicking in any part of the body was allowed. There were separate divisions for men and boys, but like in boxing there was no weight division and the opponents were chosen at random (Vassill, 2004). The pentathlon, like the modern event, consisted of a 5-event combination. The 5 events of the Ancient Olympic Games were discus, javelin, jumping, running and wrestling. The Greeks considered this the most beautiful of the contests as it combined the endurance of the race course and the bodily strength necessary for the other physical events. The discus was made out of either of iron, stone, bronze, or leads and was shaped to resemble the discus of today. The sizes varied and the boys competed with a lighter weight than the men. The ancient Greeks thought the precision and rhythm of an athlete throwing the discus as important as his strength (Wei, 1996). The javelin was a throwing event as in the modern games and like the discus the competition was based on the distance the object was thrown and in the case of the javelin the precision. The javelin was made of wood, with either a sharpened end or an attached metal point. The javelin had a thong for the throwersfingers that was attached close to the center of gravity of the instrument that increased the precision and distance of the throw (Wei, 1996). The jump event was similar to the modern long jump but with a major exception. The jumpers carried stone or lead weights called halteres. These weights, shaped like telephone receivers, were carried out in front of the jumper when they jumped the weights were thrust backward and dropped during the descent to increase the distance of the jump (Fineley , 1976). Running was broken down into 4 types of races in the Ancient Olympic Games. The stadion was the oldest of the events and consisted of a sprint covering one stade (192 meters) which was the length of the stadium. Other races were the 2-stade race and the long distance runranged from 7 to 24 stades. The most grueling of the races was the warrior race designed to build and test the speed and stamina Greek men needed for military service. The race was 2 to 4-stades in distance and was run by an athlete wearing armor. The standard armor of that time weighed approximately 50-60 pounds and of course included a helmet and shield (Fineley, 1976). Wrestling was similar to the modern sport in that the athlete was required to throw his opponent to the ground landing on a hip, shoulder, or back for a fair fall. To win a match required 3 fair falls or throws. Genital holds and biting were not allowed and breaking your opponents fingers was also not permitted (Vassill, 2004). The art and sculpture of ancient Greece is alive with the depictions of the Olympics and the events described in this article. One can feel the excitement and spirit of the Ancient Olympic Games in that art. In modern games the spirit of the Olympism of old is recreated in the ceremonies and competitiveness of the event (Fineley, 1976) In conclusion the Ancient Olympics were held to honour Zeus. There were 13 events in the Ancient Olympics compared to the 32 events in the modern Olympics. Most of the events that were held at the Ancient Olympics are still part of the modern day Olympics. In the ancient Olympics only men were allowed to compete whereas nowadays men and women are allowed to compete in all of the events. The athlete who won gold medals at the Ancient Olympics had sculptures with their picture on them so that people could celebrate their victory. Nowadays, there are some traditions that are still valued and for many athletes, winning an Olympic gold medal is still the main highlight of their career. Reference Page Crowther, N, (1996), athlete and state: qualifying for the Olympics games in ancient Greece, journal of sport history, 41 800-688 Finley, I, (1976), Olympic Games the first thousand years, London, Chatto Windus. Reese, J, C, (2005) Gender identity and sport: is the playing field level, Journal of Sports Medline, 39 695-699 Rhizopoulou, S, (2004), Symbolic plant (s) of the Olympic Games Journal of Experimental Botany, 46, 620-588 Vassill, G, (2004).The Olympic Games explained a student guide to the evolution of the modern Olympic Games, London, Routledge. Wei, Y, (1996), The Olympic image the first 100 years, Edmonton, Alberta, QuonEditions. Young, D, (1987), The origins of the modern Olympics a new version, International Journal of the History of Sport, 39 695-699

Safety and Effectiveness of the Atkins Diet :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whenever someone is deciding on what diet to go on, they consider whether it will keep the weight off in the end and what the pros and cons are compared to other diets. Atkins has been a growing trend in weight lost ever since Dr. Atkins came out with his best selling book Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. Through the examination of three different studies, researchers were able to determine whether the Atkins diet will keep weight off compared to calorie and fat reduced diets, as well as how this diet works. Although, further longitudinal research must be done in order to see the true repercussions of going on a low-carbohydrate diet, researchers can conclude that in the end, eating a low fat diet and exercising are the only true answers to losing weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins diet is for people who are over the low fat diet and exercising. The Atkins diet means restricting a person’s caloric intake to 5-10% from carbohydrates in their daily diet. Which is a vast reduction of carbohydrates compared to other diets that usually allow up to 40-45% of calories from foods like fruits and vegetables? The Atkins diet is no longer just a fad, it has really caught on worldwide, almost 20 million people now follow Dr. Atkins’ diet. The Atkins diet also claims to be a three in one diet, it not only allows people to lose weight, it also claims to keep the weight off without the feeling of hunger, and lastly it claims to help prevent disease. Through further review of previous studies, researchers are trying to explore whether or not this is possible, as well as how the Atkins diet really works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins diet claims that the way it works is by increasing the amount of energy being used causing people to lose weight. This diet also claims to increase the amount of energy being used by 2-3% more everyday. Further review of the studies on Atkins; found that this increased amount of energy being used only makes a small difference in the total amount of weight lost. Researchers claim that after reviewing all the studies that it might actually be the fact that the Atkins diet restricts so much of what you can eat that makes a person lose all that weight. The strict restrictions to what a person can and cannot eat are what researchers claim causes the

Lactose Tolerance

Lactose is the most important carbohydrate in milk. It cannot be absorbed in the intestine, but needs to be split in two molecules by the enzyme lactase. In newborns the (very rare) absence of the enzyme is lethal unless special food can be provided. Until fairly recently it was considered normal by Western medicine that in older children and adults the activity of lactase was maintained. We now know that this is the rule among west Europeans and their descendants in other countries. In many other populations the continuation of lactase excretion in older children and adults is virtually absent, leading to lactose intolerance (Dobzhansky et al., 1997). Lactose intolerance is manifested by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and flatulence after consumption of, let us say, half a liter of cow's milk (Braly, 1992). This holds for many East Asian groups, Melanesians, Native Americans and for most Africans. Groups of nomadic pastoralists in Africa, such as the Fulani, form a notable exception with high prevalence of lactose tolerance. In southern Europe and in certain regions of India intermediate values (from 30 percent to 70 percent) are found lactose tolerance, a biological, genetic adaptation that is commonly found in populations with a long history of dairying (www.vegsource.com). Populations with this genetic trait have the ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk. The intestinal enzyme lactase breaks down lactose into simpler sugars that can be absorbed and metabolized as a source of energy. Lactose also plays a part in the absorption of the calcium in milk. This is especially important when Vitamin D deficiency is present ( Durham 1991:226-228). Durham (1991) has pointed out that the full story is more complicated than was originally supposed, since it involves calcium as well as lactose absorption. Nevertheless, the result is the same. Today, between 70 and 100 per cent of human adults whose ancestors came from long-term dairy-farming areas are lactose-tolerant, whereas the great majority of those who stem from non-dairy-farming areas remain lactose-intolerant. This differentiation must have occurred within the last 10,000 years, and must have been induced by human phenotypes changing their own environments. When the body is functioning normally, lactase breaks down lactose into two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, which are used by the body. But when there is a lack of sufficient lactase, the unabsorbed lactose migrates to the colon, where it becomes fermented by intestinal bacteria and causes gastrointestinal problems. In most humans, lactase activity disappears after infancy. That is, they become more or less lactose intolerant after they are weaned. Although they may be able to drink a small glass of milk without much trouble, if they drink large amounts the undigested lactose gives them diarrhea, bloating, and gas. Even though they do not absorb the lactose in milk as an energy source, they may be able to make use of the protein, calcium, and fat in milk, if they drink small enough amounts to avoid distress and the nutritional losses incurred with diarrhea. Alternately, cultural adaptations such as making cheese or yogurt reduce the lactose content. Presumably, the reason lactose intolerance occurs early in life has to do with the process of weaning. Some children are genetically programmed to stop being able to handle milk once they pass the age of breastfeeding. Although there is no perfect correlation the relationship between lactose tolerance in adults and animal husbandry is striking. Two explanations have been suggested, one cultural, and the other referring to physical qualities of the environment (Flatz & Rotthauwe, 1977). In the cultural explanation it is postulated that the consumption of milk, because of its nutritional value in proteins, should give a selection advantage. Once there were a few individuals who can tolerate milk, this trait could slowly spread through the population over a large number of generations. The fact that there are cattle farming populations with a low frequency of tolerance weakens this hypothesis. In addition, when milk has fermented it is low in lactose content and is digestible in the absence of lactase in the consumer's intestinal tract. The second hypothesis postulates an advantage of lactose tolerance in areas with relatively little ultraviolet sunlight, such as northern Europe. Sunlight plays a role in the production of vitamin D which is needed for calcium metabolism. A too low level of vitamin D leads to rickets, a bone disease. It has been suggested that lactose is an alternative substance to vitamin D in the metabolism of calcium. Another version of this hypothesis bears on the direct absorption of vitamin D contained in milk and milk products. In practical terms, knowledge of lactose tolerance and intolerance is important when proposing food aid programs. Knowing that milk can cause digestive problems helps us understand why recipients of powdered milk as emergency aid have used the milk to whitewash their buildings and have even accused aid programs of being U.S. plots to poison them ( Lerner and Libby 1976:327). Health educators also need to be cautious about over-promoting milk products to ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans, who do not tolerate them well. In evolutionary terms, farming is quite recent on the human scene, and most of the adaptations to it have been cultural rather than genetic. Lactose tolerance is particularly interesting because it shows the coevolutionary interaction between biological and cultural adaptation to the farming way of life. References Attwood, Charles R. Calcium Without the Cow. Retrieved on January 29, 2006 Braly, James, M.D., and Torbet, Laura. (1992). Dr. Braly's Food Allergy and Nutrition Revolution. New Canaan, Conn.: Keats Publishing, Inc. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., & Valentine, J. W. (1997). Evolution. San Francisco: Freeman. Durham, William H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Flatz, G., & Rotthauwe, H. W. (1977). The human lactase polymorphism: Physiology and genetics of lactose absorption and malabsorption. Progress in Medical Genetics, 2, 205–49. Lerner, Michael, and William J. Libby. (1976). Heredity, Evolution and Society. Second ed. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Â   Â  

Portfolio Assignment Essay

1. â€Å"The assets of the three richest people in the world match the combined annual GDP’s of the 48 poorest countries.† My personal opinion on this statement is most closely described by: a. Good for them – they worked hard to get their wealth b. The only problem I have with this is that this money is in their bank account and not in mine c. No problem with this – many of these people give huge amounts to charities d. I think that it is morally wrong for anyone to have that much money e. I think that active steps should be taken to correct such immoral wealth imbalances Choice now: A: Good for them – they worked hard to get their wealth Choice in assignment 1: B: The only problem I have with this is that this money is in their bank account and not mine. Notes: I changed my option because I was not well conversant with the word ‘sustainability’. I have learned that Sustainability is about what we must want to achieve. These people achieved by working hard. We must not be greed. They worked hard to achieve their desires. We all have to work hard if we need to be successful in life. I know that some will say that there should be fair distribution of wealth and allocation of resources among diverse members of the community (distributive justice). In reality, you cannot sit and do nothing, at the end of the month you expect to be paid like all others who worked so hard. What we have to do as a nation, we have to create a conducive environment for everyone by creating jobs, health care centers, ensure that all children are educated for the benefit of their future, by this we would be creating a better future. Inequality could not be detrimental to the interests of the poorest of the poor (Permissible inequality) ‘John Raws’. John Raws indicated that the poor do not get opportunity to go to proper schools or even better education so that their future can at least be bright, if we ensure that there is proper education, it would be a good foundation for the kids and these would reduce poverty and no one will complain about the salary or wealth of others. 2. â€Å"Unless fossil-fuel use slows dramatically, the earth’s average temperature could rise by six degrees Celsius in the next 100 years.† My personal opinion on this statement is most closely described by: a. Who cares? b. I don’t believe this climate change nonsense c. Six degrees will make winters much more bearable to me personally d. I’m a bit concerned about this, but there is nothing that I can do about it e. I’m a bit concerned about this, but why should I invest my personal time, effort or money in solving a general social problem. f. I think that individually we can and should strive to solve this problem for the greater good Choice now: Choice in assignment 1: F: I think that individually we can and should strive to solve this problem for the greater good. Notes: I’m still picking option ‘F’ because I have learned that when the temperature rises, there is a higher chance of diseases being transmitted through insects. One disease that was spread throughout the United States and Canada because of heat increase was the West Nile virus. Other animals such as rats might change their habitats in hot weather and can cause the spread of diseases. This is how the disease Hantavirus is transmitted. Heat waves can cause droughts. As a result, water levels decrease, lowering water quality and increasing the opportunity for disease transmission. Heat waves also increase health problems in humans. Average surface temperature will increase. Sea level will rise from melting ice around the world. This could be as much as a meter, or much more if melting accelerates or destabilizes major ice sheets (there is unexpected and recent evidence of Greenland and West Antarctica becoming destabilized.) Melting or destabilization of either could rai se sea level world-wide by 25 feet. Deaths will increase as a result of heat waves, drought, and flooding. We have to begin to strive to solve this problem now as it takes time to lower concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, individual and collective action – communities, states, nations, businesses and government are needed. We have to learn about our â€Å"carbon† footprint and how to reduce it by wasting less energy and pushing for solutions that would reduce carbon emissions per unit of energy used. The less fossil fuel’s used the better. Sources: Heat Waves and Unusually Warm Weather. 8/10/05. Union of Concerned Science. 12/23/05. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/early-warning-signs-of-global-warming-heat-waves.html Consequences of Global Warming. 1/3/06. Natural Defense Resource Council. 12/23/05. http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/fcons.asp 3. â€Å"If the present growth trends in world population, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will be reached sometime within the next one hundred years. The most probable result will be a rather sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity.† My personal opinion on this statement is most closely described by: a. I don’t believe this tale of doom. b. Yes we are consuming natural resources too fast, but I don’t think this is a problem as there is plenty of time to find technological solutions to problems that emerge c. Yes we are consuming natural resources too fast. The first priority in solving this is to put the brakes on human population growth. d. Yes we are consuming natural resources too fast. The first priority in solving this is for rich people to reduce their consumption significantly. e. Yes we are consuming natural resources too fast. And frankly I don’t see any solution because increasing consumption is the basis of our economic growth. Choice now: Choice in assignment 1: B: ‘Yes we are consuming natural resources too fast, but I do not think this is a problem as there is plenty of time to find technological solution to problems that emerge. Notes: I still chose option ‘B’ because I think as a human race we are up to the challenge. We have capable scientists who will come up with a solution to this problem. I think that a better world is possible, and that the acceptance of physical limits is the first step toward getting there. 4. â€Å"If arctic ice melting continues, we are likely to see the loss of two thirds of the world’s polar bear population within 50 years.† My personal opinion on this statement is most closely described by: a. Who cares? b. If it boils down choosing between driving a luxury SUV and worrying about  polar bears I’ll take the car any day. c. While this is sad, polar bears aren’t really very important to my personal welfare which is my primary concern. d. While this is sad, polar bears aren’t really very important to general human social welfare. e. I don’t think polar bears are all that important to human welfare. However, their plight is a symptom of climate change which is a big problem to future human welfare. f. I think this it is morally unacceptable for humans to put their interests ahead of the rights of other species like polar bears. Choice now: C: While this is sad, polar bears aren’t really very important to my personal welfare which is my primary concern’. Choice in assignment 1: F: I think this is morally unacceptable for humans to put their interests ahead of the rights of other species like polar bears. Notes: I don’t have to worry about Polar bears because they live In the Arctic in areas where they can hunt seals at openings in the sea ice called leads. There are five nations with polar bears: U.S. (Alaska), Canada, Russia, Greenland, and Norway. So, I really don’t think it is necessary for me